Primarily the biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis. Other Culicoides species have been shown to play a role in the transmission of BTV however their distribution is largely restricted to areas where rainfall exceeds 800mm.
Primarily cattle and buffalo although these, as well as goats and deer, rarely suffer clinical signs. Sheep are most susceptible to disease although sheep are rarely infected in Australia and disease has never been seen in the Australian sheep flock.
Akabane virus (AKA)
Primarily the biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis. Other vectors may be involved
Cattle, sheep, goats
Kunjin virus
Primarily the mosquito Culex annulirostris
Primarily horses
Aino
Assumed to be biting midges Culicoides brevitarsis and C. wadai.
Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, camels and deer
Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL)
Possibly stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans but as yet unconfirmed.
Figure 1. Biting midges, Culicoides brevitarsis, are vectors for bluetongue virus. Image courtesy of Leanne Nelson Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries.
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